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These laws applied initially not only to Austria proper but also to Bavaria, Bohemia, Galicia, Moravia, and other parts of the Hapsburg Empire. The laws and regulations prescribed a tabular form for the civil records. Under the Josephine laws, Jewish girls could marry only if they had completed grade school.13 Although this law may have been intended as a hurdle to marriage in order to limit the growth of the Jewish population, it had an unexpected consequence. As we know today, the health and economic achievements of families depend to a great extent on the literacy of the mothers.
Matrikel were organized by households or houses and initially enumerated the head of the household by name and indicated the number of dependents by Later, all members of a family unit were listed with name, birth dates, and their relationship to the head of the household. These lists show the old, patronymic name in one column and the new civil name in the second column. Name adoption lists from Baden were collected by the genealogist and historian Berthold Rosenthal and now are housed at the Leo Baeck Institute in New York. Name adoption lists are being transcribed by Wolfgang Fritsche and are available on the Internet at www.a-h-b.de/ AHB/links_e.htm.
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Learning to read Gothic Current script takes a few days practice using easily available aids, but is well worth the effort. Nineteenth-century civil records for the Jews in Southern Germany are an invaluable source of information for the serious Jewish genealogist. Estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller's handling time, origin ZIP Code, destination ZIP Code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Fischach, Bavaria, is one example, where a family book was kept until 1942.
After that time, vital records for Gentiles and Jews were kept jointly. Although most original Jewish civil records from the 19th century appear lost, microfilmed copies of many of them survived in the Leipzig and Gatermann films. Baden-Wuerttemberg and some Bavarian records are accessible online. Most can be found in the respective state and district archives. Many records are also available at CAHJP and from the Family History Library.25 The detailed date span for Jewish civil records varies from community to community and often even by life event.
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In addition to the original registers kept by the rabbis, a second copy, kept by the local pastor of the dominant local church, commonly existed. These were copied, usually once a year, from the rabbi’s original. Many of the second copies kept by pastors still exist. Frequently, the clergy possessed superior penmanship, at least during the first half of the century. Sometimes a pastor would alter a Jewish-sounding given name to a more German form in his copy. When issued, certificates usually were additional to register entries.
Despite the many variations in type, structure, and appearance of Jewish civil records in southern Germany, they also share many common features. Civil records from Pforzheim to Pfersee, in fact from Bremen to Bukowina, are both very similar and also quite different. Throughout the Middle Ages, European Jews enjoyed almost autonomous family law, set by Jewish tradition rather than the state. One paragraph is devoted to each individual specific vital event.
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Perhaps Emperor Joseph II should be thanked for some of the growth of the Jewish population, and the economic and academic success of 19th-century European Jewry. Extant Jewish civil records typically cover the period 1780 to 1876. After 1876, civil records were no longer kept separately by religion but became the responsibility of the state authorities. Depending on the jurisdiction, some headings were compulsory, while others were optional. With some exceptions, Jewish records tend to follow the outline generally prescribed for the Gentile records.
Civil records written in journal style sometimes are organized by year; a section for births is followed by one each for marriages and deaths. Typically, at the end of a volume, the author of the records created alphabetical indexes of births, marriages, and deaths by page and/or item number. Depending on how well the rabbi did know German, the initial death record also may have been written in Hebrew, with the date given in both Hebrew and Gregorian notation. Unlike vital records and name adoption lists that document specific events, the Matrikel , another document of value to genealogists, recorded a family’s composition at a certain point in time or, sometimes, over extended periods.
Prior to about 1830, records were written with quill pens. While they had a somewhat idiosyncratic ink flow, quills made it easy to identify the direction of the stroke. Pointed steel nibs from England were introduced in 1830, which accentuated the spiky nature of the Gothic Current. In 1907, the broadheaded nib was invented, again giving the script a more prominent stroke direction. Over the years, Gothic script evolved somewhat differently in different regions. Consequently, depending on the region and the scribe, the same character may appear totally different.
Figure 3, shown on the next page, is an example of a ledger record. Most Jewish genealogists researching their European ancestry eventually confront 19th-century civil records, but the variety of types and forms of such documents may be confusing. In addition, Jewish civil records vary somewhat from those of their Gentile neighbors. To make sense of the content of Jewish civil records, researchers need to understand the structure, history, legal basis, and fate of the records. This article focuses on Jewish records from Bavaria and Wuerttemberg, but much of its content applies also to other areas in Germany and Austria.
Birth, marriage, and death registers generally followed the same style within a given community or region. Typically, registers were maintained by the rabbi in those communities that could afford one. In the absence of a resident rabbi, a Jewish parochial school teacher or a community leader was responsible for keeping the register. Shop Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Stores for exceptional values on Polo Ralph Lauren apparel and accessories for men and women, as well as children's wear and home accessories.
Unfortunately, not all public records can be categorized clearly, and not all are easily legible. At the beginning of the 19th century especially, some rabbis were only partially literate in German. Some dates are given in Gregorian form, others are written in Hebrew letters, and some appear as the name of the Torah portion recited on the Sabbath following the event recorded. Cleared payment cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab.
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